If the author's name is not in the text, enclose the last name and year in parentheses If the page number is to be included, it follows the year of publication after a colon: Chavez For three authors, give all last names in the first citation in the text; afterwards use the first name and et al. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the essay with superscript Arabic numerals and included at the bottom of the paper or in a separate section headed "Endnotes.
Remember references should be double-spaced. List references in alphabetical order by author's last names. Arrange multiple items by the same author in order by year of publication, earliest year first. Use six hyphens and a period Distinguish works by the same author in the same year by adding letters e. Use italics for book and periodical titles underline if italics are not available.
If no date is available use "N. Include both city and state for place of publication except for New York using U. Postal Code abbreviations. For foreign cities provide the name of the country. Examples of References Note: Examples are single-spaced to conserve space but should be double-spaced in your paper.
If a specific page range is being mentioned, the numbers can be added to the citation as follows:. Peters et al. In the Chicago style of referencing, you can expect a full-text citation to have all the above info and more. Take a closer look:. A reference group in sociology would refer to an group that is being compared to another in an evaluative setting. In sociology this may be to gain insights on the identity of a social group, view shared characteristics or do other examinations of human behavior in groups.
Most citation styles used in sociology follow the author-date format of referencing. This means the author's surname, the date of publication, and the page ranges used will all need to be included in the in-text citation, with further details added to the full citation at the end of the paper.
Compared to other citation styles, MLA is one of the most streamlined to be used across as many subjects, including sociology. This is also one of the reasons why it is commonly taught to those that are new to citing. APA is widely used in the social sciences, business fields, and a few of the life sciences. This means APA can also be used in sociological papers, journals, and other kinds of assignments.
Since , the American Psychological Association has stated its preference for the use of the 7th edition APA manual. Use quotation marks around titles of articles or web pages and italicize titles of books, periodicals, or reports. Treat in-text citations to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation the same as works with no author.
Example: "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" Fox in Socks Source: American Sociological Association. Style Guide. Any non-original idea that you fail to cite is plagiarized. Plagiarism is stealing. It can result in your failing the course! The purpose of citations is to permit other researchers to locate the sources used. It is important to make them complete and understandable. For every source, include the title author s , and date. For books, note publisher and place of publication.
For articles, note the name of Journal, volume number, issue number, and page numbers. All references should be identified at the appropriate point in the text by the last name of the author, year of publication, and page number where needed. Identify subsequent citations of the same source the same way as the first. If author's name is not in the text, insert, in parentheses, the last name and year. Gouldner Page number, if necessary, follows year of publication after a colon.
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