The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in Alfred Nobel's family descended from Olof Rudbeck, the most famous scientist in Sweden in the 17th century. Alfred was fluent in several languages. Alfred Nobel was very interested in cultural and peace-related issues, and the prizes he established reflect this:. No one knows for sure why Alfred Nobel wanted the Peace Prize in particular to be awarded by a Norwegian committee - or what prompted him to include Norway in the Nobel Prize proceedings at all.
Go to content. JavaScript disabled! Learn more about the Nobel Prize laureates here. Between and , the Nobel Prizes and the prize in economic sciences were awarded times. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly.
In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons. Of them, 89 are economic sciences laureates. A small number of individuals and organizations have been honoured more than once, which means that unique individuals and 25 unique organizations have received the Nobel Prize in total. See Multiple Nobel Prize laureates. Since the start, in , there are some years when the Nobel Prizes have not been awarded.
The total number of times are Peace: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Here you can find out which universities, research institutions or companies Nobel Prize laureates were affiliated with at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement.
Nobel Prize laureates listed by affiliation. Between and the Nobel Prize and prize in economic sciences have been awarded 58 times to women. List of all female Nobel Prize laureates. Jean-Paul Sartre , awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours. They were awarded the prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord.
Le Duc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Nobel Peace Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason. Four Nobel Prize laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. All of them could later receive the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the prize amount.
Boris Pasternak , the Nobel Laureate in Literature, initially accepted the Nobel Prize but was later coerced by the authorities of the Soviet Union, his native country, to decline the Nobel Prize.
From , the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Nobel Prize. Following the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, it was discovered that one of the medicine laureates, Ralph Steinman , had passed away three days earlier. The Board of the Nobel Foundation examined the statutes, and an interpretation of the purpose of the rule above led to the conclusion that Ralph Steinman should continue to remain a Nobel Prize laureate, as the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet had announced the Nobel Prize laureates in physiology or medicine without knowing of his death.
Marie Curie herself was awarded two Nobel Prizes. Read more about Marie and Pierre Curie and the discovery of polonium and radium.
More about Nobel Prize awarded couples. On December 10, , the Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time in Stockholm and in Christiania now Oslo respectively. Alfred became very interested in nitroglycerine and how it could be used in construction work. When he returned back to Russia after his studies, he worked together with his father to develop nitroglycerine as a commercially and technically useful explosive.
They became successful and went on to develop the oil industry in the southern part of Russia. The government decided to ban these experiments within the Stockholm city limits.
In , he was able to start mass production of nitroglycerine but he did not stop experimenting with different additives to make the production much safer. Alfred found, through his experiments, that mixing nitroglycerine with a fine sand called kieselguhr would turn the liquid into paste which could be shaped into rods.
These rods could then be inserted into drilling holes. The invention was made in Alfred got a patent or legal right of ownership on this material the next year. These inventions were made at a time when the diamond drilling crown and pneumatic drill came into general use.
Together, these inventions helped reduce the cost of many construction work like drilling tunnels, blasting rocks, building bridges, etc. Dynamite and detonating caps were much in demand in the construction industry. Because of this, Alfred was able to put up factories in 90 different places. He lived in Paris but often traveled to his factories in more than 20 countries.
He also experimented in making synthetic rubber and leather and artificial silk. By the time of his death in he had patents.
Alfred had no family of his own. One day, he announced in the newspapers for a secretary. After working for a short time, she moved back to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner.
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