Choosing a caliph in the case of the first four personalities Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali established three different methods: public election, designation by a previous caliph, and assigning a caliph by a council.
In the historical context, two different visions for choosing a leader for the Muslim community emerged: Abu Bakr was the best candidate for caliphate due to his seniority in Islam and being the most respected Companion of the Prophet, according to Sunni scholars.
The Shiite claim was that 'Ali was the most suitable candidate for he was the closest relative of the Prophet and was designated as successor by the Prophet. Because of the political conditions in the Arabian Peninsula, the first four caliphs were chosen from among the Quraysh clan. Choosing a caliph from outside the Quraysh bloodline is a controversial issue among Muslim scholars. There are two views on this matter.
According to the first view , any person who has necessary qualifications and knows Islamic principles can be a ruler and a caliph. The Kharijite and Mutazilate sects hold this view. The second group the majority of Sunni scholars holds that a caliph must be from the clan of Quraysh.
Therefore whoever is capable of providing justice when ruling Muslims can be elected as a caliph. He argues that, at the beginning of Islam, caliphs were chosen from the bloodline of Quraysh and they all tried to provide justice for all the citizens in the Islamic state. Then it became a kingdom where obeying a caliph was accepted as one of the pillars of the Islamic creed. The institution of caliphate had been used by various Muslim nations throughout history and it was abolished by the secular Turkish government in There are three views among Muslim scholars regarding the caliphate.
Yet, bloodshed and corruption are far from godly attributes, for "God does not like corruption" wal l" hu l" yu ibbul fas" d 5 Rather, God rebukes and distances Himself from these qualities. Furthermore, although the Qur'! Due to the Qur'! Instead, they assert that the basic meaning of khal!
Ltd, , PAGE 4! God simply fi nds more obedient people to succeed the disobedient. A similar word, "generations" qarn pl. Henceforth, this work will be referenced as follows: EQ.
The majority of medieval Muslim scholars such as ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya d. Despite this evidence that describes the word khal! Historically, the term khal! What this paper seeks to propose is that the etymological meaning of the word khal! In view of this conflation, it is important to investigat e the history of this word. An appropriate hermeneutical tool is to examine the root of khal!
From a study of the earliest Arabic lexicons to the most modern Arabic English dictionaries, one can obs erve from these sources a change in meaning, with the "vicegerency" rendering superseding "succession" in many contemporary dictionaries. Arabic Dictionary Entries of Khal! A mad d. Nevertheless, it seems that one understanding of khal! This tendency of equating the Qur'anic khal! A mad, Kit"b al ayn Baghdad: D! There may also be extant commentaries, which demonstrate a connection between the Qur'!
PAGE 7! He seems hesitant to write that the imams are God's deputies on earth. Thus, the labeling of a caliph as "caliph on earth" a ppears in the Qur'! Even when khal! PAGE 8!
Milton Cowan translate khal! Instead, "kh l f" denoted inheritance, succession, replacement, and substitution. Yet, modern dictionaries define the word khal! Indeed, as will be illustrated later in the paper, several modern Muslim reformers were intent on defining khal! In the Encyclopedia of the Qur'" n Wadad Kadi states in the entry for "Caliph," that "The basic notion is that as human history has shown, and a s it will show in the future God warns a people when they go astray, destroys them and replaces them with another people who obey God's messengers, wo rship Him, act morally and are consequently rewarded by inheriting the land and the scripture of their predecessors emphasis added.
PAGE 9! Moreover, Wadad al Kadi asserts that the term khal! First, khal! In this verse, it is understood that David exercises authority as a khal! In other Qur'! Indeed, it seems that God rewards David for seeking forgiveness via the appointment as a khal! David made use of his blessings as a righteous ruler and "the best way of manifesting thankfulness for the blessings of God most high is to make use of these blessings in obeying, and not disobeying.
Furthermore, shirk is described in the Qur'! PAGE 10! According to Md. Ansari in Encyclopedia of the Holy Qur'" n the Qur'! This alternation deliberately happens under the laws o f God as Ansari explains. He further elaborates that the Qur'! Ansari, "Man," in Encyclopedia of the Holy Qur'an 5 vols. K Singh and A. PAGE 11! Politics and the Qur'" n A brief note should be made on the politicization of the Qur'! First, socio political chaos was not conducive to performi ng the religious obligations by which one attained salvation and, secondly, the revealed law the com mands and prohibitions of God that define the Muslim community could only be enforced by well established rule, including various organs of governance and bureaus of administration.
However, since some early Muslims believed that salvation was "contingent upon socio political prosperity," elevating a ruler as God's appointed caliph wo uld make obeying him a divine mandate in order to bring stability and unity. Indeed, "the caliphs are described as refuge' or stronghold' i ma [which] conveys that it was the caliphs who saved the believers from error in both a political and a religi ous sense" 36 I ma does not occur in the Qur'!
Richard C. Heck, "Politics and the Qur'! PAGE 12! Additionally, what should be emphasized are the extensive efforts of the Umayyad s to claim divine authority in order to justify their rule. Indeed, Montgomery Watt argues that "the caliphate had been bestowed on the Umayyad family by Godto disobey the caliph or his agents is a refusal to acknowledge God and so is tantamount to unbelief.
This particular section will present different types of exegesis in which exegetes define the word khal! Ibn Abb! Thus, in the commentary at tributed to ibn!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Walker, "Impeccability," EQ 2: PAGE 13! Al Kadi examined these three exegetes' interpretation of this word and found five further, but related meanings: 1 "t o succeed, to follow, to come after another," 2 "to replace, to substitute, to take the place of another, mainly in a temporary or supposed manner, to deputize for," 3 "to replace someone after he or she has gone," 4 "to inhabit, to cultivate" and 5 "t o rule or govern.
Yet, it seems!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Mahmud Muhammad Shakir Beirut: D! PAGE 14! Classical and Medieval Exegesis Indeed, this comingling of khal! Ibn Taymiyya is the most adamant of all exegetes who opposes labeling a human as "God's vicegerent because of the theological danger of associating others with God.
However, al Kadi is critical of this association. PAGE 15! This may explain why he did not define khal! By the time of the Abb! PAGE 16! He also lived under the Abb! In fact, the Abb! Broc kopp, "Justice and Injustice," EQ 3: 69 PAGE 17! Ibn Taymiyya writes that a khal!
He asks why some exegetes claim that Adam is the khal! During his detention, he re buked authority harshly, writing "when a scholar forsakes what he knows of the Book of God and of the [practice sunna ] of His messenger, and follows the ruling of a ruler which contravenes a ruling of God and His messenger, he is a renegade an unbeli ever who deserves to be punished in this world and the hereafter emphasis added.
Ibn Taymiyya believed no human power deserved unconditional obedience in spite of this doctrine's imposition by the Tatars Mongols under which he lived. PAGE 18! Only someone who is absent or mortal, they argue, may be represented by another, but God is neither emphasis added.
However, he is against labeling a caliph with the title, khal! W afaa H. PAGE 19! Nonetheless, the widespread understanding of khal! The Mystical School of Tafs! Al Ghaz! PAGE 20! Indeed al Ghaz! Furthermore, the "caliph is khal! Thesis: Wesleyan University: Connecticut, , So he is called the Vicegerent, for by him God preserves His creation, as the seal preserves the king's treasure. From the earliest Qur'! It must be emphasized, however, that word khal!
Additionally, some of the earlier Muslims, according to Crone and Hinds, believed that dying without allegiance to a caliph, or imam, as they were called, "dies a [non believing j hil! Nonetheless, the evolution of human progress and achievement led t o an enhanced worldview of humans that made defining khal! PAGE 22! By his time, "the conc eption of man a s God's deputy on earth [had] achieved general recognition. This is a necessary requirement, because perfect knowledge can only belong to God the E xalted!
This renaissance appealed to Abduh and it has been noted that the Abb! Beir ut: D! Johnston, Earth, Empire and Sacred Text Th e interpretation of this Qur'!
It may be assumed, then, that man has been given the capability to take on that responsibi lity, and the necessary latent skills and energies to fulfill God's purpose on earthThis clearly indicates that man is held in high regard in God's sight and occupies a prominent position in the system of the universe. It is a necessary consequence of perpetual progress and development, and the changes brought about by a ceaseles s endeavor in pursuit of better and higher things in this world.
PAGE 24! Indeed, he discusses stewardship of the earth as an estate to be managed. And the human being al ins" n assumed it. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe. If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly.
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Term » Definition. Word in Definition. Wikipedia 2. How to pronounce khalifa? Alex US English. David US English. Mark US English. Daniel British. Libby British. Mia British. Karen Australian. Hayley Australian. Natasha Australian. Veena Indian. Priya Indian. Neerja Indian. Zira US English. Oliver British.
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